Researchers found approximately a spoonful of microplastics in post-mortem human brains.(SIVStockStudio/Shutterstock)
In a nutshell
- Human brains contain approximately a spoonful of microplastics, with dementia patients showing 3-5 times higher levels. These tiny particles are concentrated more in the brain than in other organs.
- Common sources include bottled water, heated plastic containers, plastic tea bags, and highly processed foods. Switching to tap water alone could reduce your microplastic intake by nearly 90%.
- Your body can naturally clear some microplastics over time. Using glass or metal containers, avoiding heating food in plastic, choosing less processed foods, and regular exercise may help reduce your plastic burden.
OTTAWA, Canada — Microplastics aren’t just polluting our oceans and landscapes; they’re infiltrating our bodies. Scientists have discovered that human brains can contain approximately a spoonful of microscopic plastic particles, with dementia patients showing three to five times higher concentrations. This unsettling finding raises urgent questions about how these tiny, pervasive pollutants might be affecting brain health.
A new review published in Brain Medicine examines the evidence about human exposure to these microscopic plastic particles. The paper looks at how they get into our tissues and what they might be doing to our health, especially to our brains.
“The dramatic increase in brain microplastic concentrations over just eight years, from 2016 to 2024, is particularly alarming,” says lead study author Dr. Nicholas Fabiano from the University of Ottawa, in a statement. “This jump reflects the exponential increase we’re seeing in environmental microplastic levels.”
Microplastics are tiny plastic fragments measuring from 5 millimeters down to 1 micrometer, while nanoplastics are even tinier at less than 1 micrometer. For context, a human hair is roughly 70 micrometers thick, meaning many of these particles can’t be seen without special equipment.
Brain Vulnerability
The research tells us that brain tissues contain 7-30 times more microplastics than organs like the liver or kidney. The brain particles are usually smaller (less than 200 nanometers) and mostly made of polyethylene, the same plastic used in shopping bags and water bottles.
Dr. Fabiano and his colleagues found these tiny particles accumulating in brain blood vessel walls and immune cells by examining post-mortem brains. Their minuscule size potentially allows them to cross the blood-brain barrier, the brain’s natural defense system, raising questions about their role in brain diseases.
Personal characteristics like age, sex, and race didn’t affect microplastic levels in brain tissue. However, the researchers noticed a disturbing pattern: a 50% increase in plastic concentration in samples from 2024 compared to 2016.
Growing Environmental Crisis
Each year, about 10-40 million tons of microplastics enter the environment, with this amount likely to double by 2040. These particles now exist everywhere, from ocean depths to mountain peaks, and in our food, water, and air.
Health Effects
Research suggests microplastic exposure may cause numerous health problems. These include inflammation, immune system disruption, metabolic changes, cell growth issues, and possibly cancer.
A recent study in The New England Journal of Medicine found that people with artery plaque containing microplastics faced higher risks of heart attack, stroke, and death. Another study showed that patients with inflammatory bowel disease had about 1.5 times more microplastics in their stool than healthy people.
Brain Impact
The brain seems especially vulnerable to plastic particles. Animal studies show concerning effects: fish exposed to nanoplastics showed reduced swimming and hunting abilities, while mice exposed for eight weeks developed learning and memory problems, reduced brain proteins, and inflammation.
The relationship between high microplastic levels and dementia in humans remains unclear. Does dementia weaken the brain’s protective barrier, allowing more microplastics to enter? Or do microplastics, once inside, cause inflammation and make it harder for the brain to clear proteins, potentially worsening brain degeneration?
Reducing Your Exposure
While completely eliminating exposure is impossible, you can take practical steps to reduce your intake of microplastics. One of the most effective changes is switching from bottled to tap water.
“Bottled water alone can expose people to nearly as many microplastic particles annually as all ingested and inhaled sources combined,” explains Dr. Brandon Luu, an Internal Medicine Resident at the University of Toronto. “Switching to tap water could reduce this exposure by almost 90%.”
Plastic tea bags are another surprising source, releasing millions of micro and nano-sized particles when brewed.
Kitchen Habits Matter
How you prepare and store food makes a big difference. When microwaved, plastic can release up to 4.22 million microplastic and 2.11 billion nanoplastic particles per square centimeter in just three minutes. Even room-temperature storage in plastic containers leads to plastic shedding.
“Heating food in plastic containers—especially in the microwave—releases substantial amounts of microplastics,” Dr. Luu warns. “Using glass or stainless steel alternatives is a small but meaningful step in limiting exposure.”
Food processing also affects microplastic content. Highly processed foods like chicken nuggets contain about 30 times more microplastics per gram than chicken breasts, showing how industrial processing increases our exposure.
Beyond Food: Air and Elimination
We also inhale microplastics, with men potentially breathing in up to 62,000 plastic particles yearly. Using a HEPA air filter can remove many airborne microplastics, though we don’t yet know if this translates to health benefits.
Can our bodies get rid of microplastics once they’re inside us? Limited research suggests sweating might help remove certain plastic-derived compounds. In one small study of 20 people, 16 had BPA (a chemical from plastic) in their sweat, sometimes as the only detected exit route.
“We need more research to wrap our heads around microplastics—rather than wrapping our brains in them—since this could be one of the biggest environmental storms most people never saw coming,” says Dr. David Puder, host of the “Psychiatry & Psychotherapy Podcast.”
Reasons for Hope
Encouragingly, age doesn’t correlate with microplastic accumulation in the body. This suggests our bodies can clear these particles through sweat, urine, and feces. Fish studies show it takes about 70 days to clear 75% of brain microplastics, hinting that reducing intake and increasing elimination over time might lower our body burden.
Researchers are calling for urgent studies to establish safe exposure limits and assess long-term health effects of microplastic accumulation. Meanwhile, common-sense measures like drinking tap water, avoiding plastic tea bags, using glass or metal containers, eating less processed food, and regular exercise might help limit your exposure to these potentially harmful particles.
Paper Summary
Methodology
This review examined scientific literature on microplastics in human tissues and their health effects. The authors analyzed laboratory studies, animal research, and human tissue samples, focusing on a recent Nature Medicine paper that found microplastics in human brains, with higher levels in people with dementia.
Results
The research showed that human brains contain approximately a spoonful of microplastics, with levels 3-5 times higher in dementia patients. Brain tissues had 7-30 times more microplastics than other organs. The particles were typically smaller than 200 nanometers and mostly polyethylene, with notable buildup in brain blood vessels and immune cells. Researchers found a 50% increase in microplastic levels between 2016 and 2024 samples.
Limitations
Most health effect evidence comes from animal and cell studies, making it hard to draw direct conclusions for human health. The relationship between microplastics and dementia remains unclear – we don’t know if higher plastic levels cause dementia or if dementia allows more plastics to enter the brain. While reducing intake makes sense, we don’t know if this actually decreases microplastic accumulation in human tissues.
Takeaways and Discussion
The rise in environmental microplastics is mirrored by increasing levels in human tissues, creating urgent need for strategies to reduce exposure. Simple lifestyle changes like drinking tap water, avoiding heated plastic containers, choosing less processed foods, and using glass or metal containers may help reduce exposure. The body’s apparent ability to clear microplastics over time offers hope that reduced intake combined with enhanced elimination might lower overall body burden.
Publication Information
This paper, “Human microplastic removal: what does the evidence tell us?” was published in Brain Medicine on March 4, 2025. Brain Medicine is a peer-reviewed journal published by Genomic Press, covering neuroscience and brain medicine.
